Because expensive capital equipment

early years of the present century, as epitomised in the steel mills. Because expensive capital equipment and the attainment of a rapid through-put of production were central to this development,' the craft skill and judgement of the workers had to be as much as possible superseded, as did the control of workers over the pace of work' (Lazonick, 1983, p. 112). Profitable mass production necessitated not only employer control over the planning and organisation of work, but also reliable, attentive and loyal workers to perform it. One management response in the USA was therefore to introduce a range of welfare policies, and employee representation plans, generally known as' company unions'. Similarly, in some of the large industrial enterprises in Germany during the inter-war period with the introduction of standardised mass-production techniques a parallel emphasis was placed upon welfare measures (company housing, provision of leisure activities, etc.) as a means of motivation, promoting integration and worker commitment to the company. However, in contrast to the situation in the United States and Germany, recent comparative

+1 119 16 981193
+1 119 16 981193
+1 119 16 981193
+1 46 16 98463
+1 98 16 98983
+1 111 16 981113
+1 110 16 981103
+1 117 16 981173
+1 115 16 981153
+1 101 16 981013
+1 120 16 981203
+1 112 16 981123
+1 46 16 98463
+1 99 16 98993
+1 111 16 981113
+1 109 16 981093